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Over-the-counter data (OTCD) is a design approach used in data systems, particularly educational technology data systems, in order to increase the accuracy of users' data analyses by better reporting data.〔Rankin, J. G. (2013, June 3). Featured article: What data reporting systems can learn from medicine labeling. ''EdSurge''. Retrieved from https://www.edsurge.com/n/2013-06-03-opinion-what-data-reporting-systems-can-learn-from-medicine-labeling〕 The approach involves adhering to standards that are organized by five components: Label, Supplemental Documentation, Help System, Package/Display, and Content.〔Rankin, J. (2013, October 24). Remedying educators’ data analysis errors with over-the-counter data. ''California Council on Teacher Education (CCTE) Conference''. Poster presentation conducted from Kona Kai Resort, San Diego, CA.〕 OTCD was inspired by the varied ways over-the-counter medication supports those using its contents.〔Rankin, J. G. (2013, May 2). Over-the-counter data is the next frontier for data in edtech. ''Edukwest''. Retrieved from http://www.edukwest.com/over-the-counter-data-is-the-next-frontier-for-data-in-edtech/〕 Just as it would be negligent for over-the-counter medication to contain no labeling, documentation, or other supports helping people to use its contents safely, it is deemed negligent for data systems to display data for educators without providing them with the necessary supports to best ensure it is used correctly when educators use the data to treat students’ needs. ==Background== Inspired by the varied ways over-the-counter medication supports those using its contents, OTCD was created in 2010 and applied to the improvement of education data systems.〔Rankin, J. (2011, December 1). Data analysis doesn’t have to be so hard. ''Ninetieth Annual California Educational Research Association (CERA) Conference'' Presentation conducted from Disney Convention Center, Anaheim, CA.〕 Consider the way in which the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires over-the-counter medication to be accompanied by textual guidance proven to improve its use, deeming it negligent to do otherwise.〔DeWalt, D. A. (2010). Ensuring safe and effective use of medication and health care: perfecting the dismount. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 304''(23), 2641-2642. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1844〕 With such guidance, patients may take over-the-counter medication with the goal of improving wellbeing while a doctor is not present to explain how to use the medication. No or poor medication labels have resulted in many errors and tragedy, as people are left with no way to know how to use the contents wisely.〔Brown-Brumfield, D., & DeLeon, A. (2010). Adherence to a medication safety protocol: Current practice for labeling medications and solutions on the sterile field. ''Association of Operating Room Nurses. AORN Journal, 91''(5), 610-610-7. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2010.03.002〕 Labeling conventions can translate to improved understanding on non-medication products, as well.〔Hampton, T. (2007). Groups urge warning label for medical devices containing toxic chemical. ''The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 298'' (11), 1267. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.11.1267〕〔Qin, Y., Wu, M., Pan, X., Xiang, Q., Huang, J., Gu, Z., & ... Zhou, M. (2011, February 25). Reactions of Chinese adults to warning labels on cigarette packages: a survey in Jiangsu Province. ''BMC Public Health, 11''(133). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-133〕 Thus, in the way over-the-counter medicine’s proper use is communicated with a thorough label and added documentation, a data system used to analyze student performance can include components to help users better comprehend the data it contains.〔Rankin, J. G. (2013, October 25). Pushing edtech’s responsibility to communicate feedback effectively. ''Edtech Women''. Retrieved from http://edtechwomen.com/blog/2013/10/25/pushing-edtechs-responsibility-to-communicate-feedback-effectively〕 Using an OTCD approach (i.e., following OTCD Standards) when communicating data involves following research-based recommendations likely to improve educators’ understanding, analysis, and use of the data being displayed.〔Rankin, J. (2013, May 7). Over-the-counter data: Improved analysis accuracy. ''Connect 2013: Canada’s Learning & Technology Conference''. Presentation conducted from Scotiabank Convention Centre, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.〕 Nonetheless, labeling and tools within data systems to assist analyses are uncommon, even though most educators analyze data alone.〔U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development (2009). ''Implementing data-informed decision making in schools: Teacher access, supports and use.'' United States Department of Education (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED504191)〕 Essentially, data systems and reports do not commonly present data in an “over-the-counter” format for educators, whose primary option for using data to treat students is thus compared to ingesting medicine from an unmarked or marginally marked container. Just as it would be negligent for over-the-counter medicine to contain no labeling, documentation, or other supports helping people to use its contents safely, it is negligent for data systems and reports to display data for educators without providing necessary supports to best ensure the data is used appropriately and thus has a ''desirable'' impact on students.〔Rankin, J. G. (2013). ''Over-the-counter data’s impact on educators’ data analysis accuracy''. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 3575082. Retrieved from http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/1459258514.html?FMT=ABS〕 The recommendations summarized by OTCD Standards (below) are based on research in education and edtech, as well as research in a variety of other fields (e.g., behavioral economics, design, business analytics, technology, and more). An OTCD approach is not meant to replace educators’ professional development or other interventions that improve data use, but it is an added solution that doesn’t cost educators more time, money, or stress.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Over-the-counter data」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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